End Notes: Susan Fey, Corry Bregendahl, and Cornelia Flora."The Measurement of Community Capitals through Research: A Study Conducted for the Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation by the North Central Regional Center for Rural Development," Online Journal of Rural Research & Policy (2006.1).

1. Cornelia Butler Flora, Jan L. Flora, and Susan Fey, Rural Communities: Legacy and Change, Second Edition (Boulder: Westview, 2004), 9.

2. Robert Putnam, “Foreward,” Housing Policy Debate 9, 1 (1998): v-viii.

3. Glenn Laverack and Nina Wallerstein, “Measuring Community Empowerment: a Fresh Look at Organizational Domains,” Health Promotion International 16, 2 (2001): 179-185.

4. Glenn Laverack and Nina Wallerstein, “Measuring Community Empowerment: a Fresh Look at Organizational Domains,” Health Promotion International 16, 2 (2001): 180.

5. J. Raeburn,“How Effective is Strengthening Community Action as a Strategy for Health Promotion?” ParticiACTION, 3 (1993); K. Baistow, “Liberation and Regulation? Some Paradoxes of Empowerment,” Critical Social Policy, 42 (1995): 34-46.

6. Sherry Saggers, “Measuring Community Development: Perspectives From Local Government In Western Australia,” Australian Journal of Social Issues, 38, 1 (2003): 19-37.

7. Sherry Saggers, “Measuring Community Development: Perspectives From Local Government In Western Australia,” Australian Journal of Social Issues, 38, 1 (2003): 23.

8. Sherry Saggers, “Measuring Community Development: Perspectives From Local Government In Western Australia,” Australian Journal of Social Issues, 38, 1 (2003): 33.

9. Pierre Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. John Richardson (New York: Greenwood Press 1986), 241-258; J. S. Coleman, “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital,” American Journal of Sociology 94, (1988): S95-S120; J. S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1990); Robert Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of Democracy 6, 1 (1998): 65-78

10. Amy K. Glasmeier and Tracey L. Farrigan, “Poverty, Sustainability, and the Culture of Despair: Can Sustainable Development Strategies Support Poverty Alleviation in America’s Most Environmentally Challenged Communities?” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 590 (2003): 131-149.

11. M. S. Carroll and R. G. Lee, “Occupational Community and Identity Among Pacific Northwestern Loggers: Implications for Adapting to Economic Changes,” in Community and Forestry: Continuities in the Sociology of Natural Resources, ed. R. G. Lee, D.R. Field, and W.R. Burch, Jr. (Boulder: Westview Press, 1990), 141-54; C. F. Cortese and B. Jones, “The Sociological Analysis of Boom Towns,” Western Sociological Review 8, 1 (1977): 76-90; Jo Ellen Force, Gary E. Machlis, Lianjun Zhang, and A. Kearney, “The Relationship between Timber Production, Local Historical Events and Community Social Change: A Quantitative Case Study,” Forest Science 39, 4 (1993): 722-742; Gary E. Machlis, Jo Ellen Force, and Randy G. Balice, Timber, Minerals, and Social Change: An Exploratory Test of Two Resource-dependent Communities,” Rural Sociology 55, 3 (1990): 411-424.

12. Jo Ellen Force, Gary E. Machlis, and Lianjun Zhang, “The Engines of Change in Resource-Dependent Communities,” Forest Science 46, 3 (2000): 410-422.

13. Jo Ellen Force, Gary E. Machlis, and Lianjun Zhang, “The Engines of Change in Resource-Dependent Communities,” Forest Science 46, 3 (2000): 418.

14. Jo Ellen Force, Gary E. Machlis, and Lianjun Zhang, “The Engines of Change in Resource-Dependent Communities,” Forest Science 46, 3 (2000): 420.

15. Richard C. Stedman, John R. Parkins, and Thomas M. Beckley, “Resource Dependence and Community Well-Being in Rural Canada,” Rural Sociology 69, 2 (2004): 213-234.

16. Richard C. Stedman, John R. Parkins, and Thomas M. Beckley, “Resource Dependence and Community Well-Being in Rural Canada,” Rural Sociology 69, 2 (2004): 231.

17. Mark Roseland, “Sustainable Community Development: Integrating Environmental, Economic, and Social Objectives,” Progress in Planning, 54 (2000): 99.

18. For examples, see Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005).

19. Cornelia Butler Flora, Jan L. Flora, and Susan Fey, Rural Communities: Legacy and Change, Second Edition (Boulder: Westview, 2004),25.

20. Klamer, Ario, “Accounting for Social and Cultural Values,” De Economist 150, 4 (2002): 467.

21. Klamer, Ario, “Accounting for Social and Cultural Values,” De Economist 150, 4 (2002): 467.

22. Alston, Margaret, “‘You Don’t Want to be a Check out-Chick all Your Life’: The Out-migration of Youth from Australia’s Small Rural Towns,” Australian Journal of Social Issues 39, 3 (2004): 299-313.

23. Alston, Margaret, “‘You Don’t Want to be a Check out-Chick all Your Life’: The Out-migration of Youth from Australia’s Small Rural Towns,” Australian Journal of Social Issues 39, 3 (2004): 300.

24. Alston, Margaret, “‘You Don’t Want to be a Check out-Chick all Your Life’: The Out-migration of Youth from Australia’s Small Rural Towns,” Australian Journal of Social Issues 39, 3 (2004): 305.

25. Alston, Margaret, “‘You Don’t Want to be a Check out-Chick all Your Life’: The Out-migration of Youth from Australia’s Small Rural Towns,” Australian Journal of Social Issues 39, 3 (2004): 311.

26. J. S. Coleman, “The Rational Reconstruction of Society,” American Sociological Review 58 (1993):1-15; Robert Putnam, “The Prosperous Community. Social Capital and Public Life,” The American Prospect 13 (1993): 35-42.

27. Kenneth Newton, “Trust, Social Capital, Civic Society, and Democracy.” International Political Science Review 22, 2 (2001): 201-214.

28. Robert Putnam, “The Prosperous Community. Social Capital and Public Life,” The American Prospect 13 (1993): 35-36.

29. J. S. Coleman, “The Rational Reconstruction of Society,” American Sociological Review 58 (1993): 9.

30. Jenny Onyx and Paul Bullen, “Measuring Social Capital in Five Communities,” The Journal of Applied Behaviorial Science 36, 1 (2000): 23-42.

31. Megan O’Brien, Charles A. Burdsal, and Craig A. Molgaard, “Further Development of an Australian-based Measure of Social Capital in a US Sample,” Social Science and Medicine 59 (2004): 1207-1217.

32. Megan O’Brien, Charles A. Burdsal, and Craig A. Molgaard, “Further Development of an Australian-based Measure of Social Capital in a US Sample,” Social Science and Medicine 59 (2004): 1208.

33. Alex Inkeles, “Measuring Social Capital and its Consequences,” Policy Sciences 33, (2000): 249.

34. Jan L. Flora, Jeff Sharp, Cornelia Flora, and Bonnie Newlon, “Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure and Locally Initiated Economic Development in the Nonmetropolitan United States,” The Sociological Quarterly 38, 4 (1997): 627.

35. Jan L. Flora, Jeff Sharp, Cornelia Flora, and Bonnie Newlon, “Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure and Locally Initiated Economic Development in the Nonmetropolitan United States,” The Sociological Quarterly 38, 4 (1997): 627.

36. Jan L. Flora, Jeff Sharp, Cornelia Flora, and Bonnie Newlon, “Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure and Locally Initiated Economic Development in the Nonmetropolitan United States,” The Sociological Quarterly 38, 4 (1997): 627.

37. Larissa Larsen, Sharon L. Harlan, Bob Bolin, Edward J. Hackett, Diane Hope, Andrew Kirby, Amy Nelson, Tom R. Rex, and Shaphard Wolf, “Bonding and Bridging: Understanding the Relationship between Social Capital and Civic Action,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 24 (2004): 64-77.

38. Larissa Larsen, Sharon L. Harlan, Bob Bolin, Edward J. Hackett, Diane Hope, Andrew Kirby, Amy Nelson, Tom R. Rex, and Shaphard Wolf, “Bonding and Bridging: Understanding the Relationship between Social Capital and Civic Action,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 24 (2004): 74.

39. Arthur J. Vidich and Joseph Bensman, Small Town in Mass Society (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1968).

40. Robyne Turner, “Entrepreneurial Neighborhood Initiatives: Political Capital in Community Development,” Economic Development Quarterly 13, 1 (1999): 15-22.

41. Robyne Turner, “Entrepreneurial Neighborhood Initiatives: Political Capital in Community Development,” Economic Development Quarterly 13, 1 (1999): 16.

42. Henry J. Mayer and Michael R. Greenberg, “Coming Back From Economic Despair: Case Studies of Small-and Medium-Size American Cities,” Economic Development Quarterly 15, 3 (2001): 203-216.

43. Henry J. Mayer and Michael R. Greenberg, “Coming Back From Economic Despair: Case Studies of Small-and Medium-Size American Cities,” Economic Development Quarterly 15, 3 (2001): 215.

44. John M. McGrath and Ronald Vickroy, “A Research Approach for Tracking Local Economic Conditions in Small-Town America,” Economic Development Quarterly 17, 3 (2003): 255-263.

45. John M. McGrath and Ronald Vickroy, “A Research Approach for Tracking Local Economic Conditions in Small-Town America,” Economic Development Quarterly 17, 3 (2003): 262.

46. John M. McGrath and Ronald Vickroy, “A Research Approach for Tracking Local Economic Conditions in Small-Town America,” Economic Development Quarterly 17, 3 (2003): 257.

47. Cornelia Butler Flora, Jan L. Flora, and Susan Fey, Rural Communities: Legacy and Change, Second Edition (Boulder: Westview, 2004), 9.

48. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, “Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research,” in Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry, ed. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003), 5.

49. “Involved” for the purpose of this study is loosely defined as playing a decision- making role, making financial or in-kind contributions, providing training, dispensing advice, facilitating relationships, and so forth.

50. See Flora, Sharp, Flora, and Newlon,“Entrepreneurial Social Infrastructure,” 623-645.

51. Note that the proportion of communities in each of the three outcome categories of “high,” “medium,” and “low” will not necessarily equal exactly one-third since a number of communities had the same score but straddled the 33.3% or 67.3% cutoff. All of the communities with the same score therefore had to be assigned to the same category. This resulted in 28% of communities falling into the higher total capital outcome category, 30% in the medium, and 42% in the lower tier.

52. Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap…and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2001).

53. Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap…and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2001), 194.

Published March 1, 2006 © Online Journal of Rural Research & Policy